Roots, Stems, and Leaves

Introduction
Plants are complex living organisms with specialized parts that help them survive and grow. The main parts of a plant are the roots, stems, and leaves, and each part has a specific function.

Roots
Roots usually grow underground and perform several important roles:

• Anchor the plant firmly in the soil
• Absorb water and mineral nutrients
• Store food in some plants (e.g., carrots, beetroot)

There are different types of roots, such as tap roots and fibrous roots, adapted to different environments.

Stems
The stem supports the plant and holds leaves, flowers, and fruits upright. It also:

• Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
• Transports food made in leaves to the rest of the plant
• In some plants, stores food (e.g., sugarcane, potato stems)

Leaves
Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis. Their broad, flat surface allows maximum absorption of sunlight. Leaves also:

• Allow gas exchange through stomata
• Lose water through transpiration, which helps cool the plant and move water upward

Summary
Each plant part is adapted for a specific role. Together, roots, stems, and leaves allow plants to survive, grow, and reproduce successfully.